Overview

The Integrated Bioelectronic Research Laboratory (IBR) at UCSC is focusing on the research of implantable biomimetic microelectronics systems to support both invasive and non-invasive neural/muscle prosthesis applications. Biomimetic systems that mimic biological functionality have a wide range of applications spanning from understanding the highly complex biological systems to treating intractable diseases such as deafness, blindness, and paralysis.We are engaging in the interdisciplinary research where engineers, neuroscientists/biologists, and clinicians are working together to overcome the technical challenges and develop new technology for system integration, miniaturization, efficacy, and safety in biomimetic systems for prosthesis and brain-machine interface. The major functionalities of biomimetic systems include neural recording, stimulation, bio-signal processing, wireless transmission, and powering/energy delivery. Constraints of area, power, noise, algorithm and technology are crucial for neuroprosthetic applications. The IBR Lab has been a world leader in implantable electronics and has done pioneer works on the research and designs of neural implants, including retinal prosthesis, eyelid reanimation, bladder/vowel control, spinal cord injurry prosthesis, epilepsy implant, cognitive behavior study system.  The prosthetic systems invlove electrical or drug stimulations as well as a hybrid of both. We are also developing sophisticated tool, technology and measurement technique for neuroscience.

Power and Data Telemetry for Biomimetic Microelectronic Systems
The newly developed systems from BMES ERC will allow bi-directional communication with tissue and by doing so enable implantable/portable microelectronic devices to treat presently incurable diseases such as blindness, paralysis, and certain central nervous system disorders. Our role in the center’s goal is guided by four basic themes and fundamental challenges: power efficiency, bi-directional communication capability, miniaturization, and integration. We are addressing the above challenges through fundamental theory and system prototyping of subsystems such as wireless power and data telemetry, microstimulators, neural recording systems, image processing.

Retinal Prosthesis
We continue our pioneering work in Retinal Prosthesis to restore vision in blind patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) through developing the next generation retinal implants. The goal of these implants is more than 1000 pixels that would enable facial recognition and independent mobility. The project focuses on delivering power and data to the retinal implant inside the eye and the implant microstimulator electronics which delivers the current pulses to stimulate the retinal layer to elicit visual perception. Since the use of invasive means such as tethering wires results in discomfort and potential infection, a completely wireless approach is used to transfer both power and data. Since the coupling between the external unit consisting of the power transmitter and the power receiver can vary due to the patient’s movements, a closed loop approach is used which varies the transmitted power dynamically to automatically compensate for such movements. We are collaborating with the medical team in University of Southern California and several national laboratories for this project.

Spinal Cord Prosthesis
We are collaborating with Huntington Medical Research Institutes on intraspinal microstimulation to restore bladder and bowel movement, and sexual function after spinal trauma. The goal is to use intraspinal microstimulation to artificially trigger the reflexes of the visceral organs, after the activation of the spinal circuitry from the brain stem is lost due to spinal cord injury or disease. We are currently designing a 32-channel implantable stimulation chip for implantation in the spinal cord. In order to study the effect of stroke on the spinal circuitry, Dr. Pikov has demonstrated a “virtual stroke” method through reversible cortical inactivation. The goal is to observe the effect of “virtual stroke” on the spinal cord through neural recording, during and after the cortical inactivation. We are currently designing a 48-channel implantable neural recording chip for implantation in the spinal cord.

Low Power Integrated Neural Recording System
Advances in micro electrode arrays (MEA) have enabled neuroscientists and researchers in biomedical engineering to take advantage of a large number of channels, and this has made it possible to pursue a variety of neuroprosthetic applications such as treating spinal cord injuries, deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson’s disease. This also requires neural recording electronics that are small enough to be integrated close to the MEA and consume less power so that they can be safely placed close to the tissue. Though several efforts have been made by the research community to minimize the power and area of each individual circuit block, almost no attention was paid to find the trade-offs among those circuit blocks to achieve an optimal design. We are currently developing optimal design methodologies for integrated neural recording systems that allow the optimal design for a given set of specifications and constraints. These optimization flows are verified by custom chip fabrication and verification.

Electrochemical Microstimulator Implant for Reanimation of Eyeblink
Facial nerve injury leads to paralysis of one side of the face, leaving the cornea vulnerable to damage due to dessication. The inability to fully close the eyelid can result in recurrent corneal abrasions, erosions and even ulceration, which can all cause discomfort and impact the quality of life. Existing medical devices use electrical stimulation alone to cause muscle contraction, but the level of electrical stimulus required to reanimate denervated facial muscles is painful, thus limiting clinical applications. Our proposed solution is a hybrid stimulation system that combines low levels of both electrical and chemical stimulation. We are collaborating with Dr. Kimberly Cockerham (Stanford University) and Dr. Alan Scott (Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute) to develop integrated microelectronics for electrical stimulation and MEMS fluidics activation. We will be conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments with the prototyped microelectronic systems.

Microstimulation Platform for Neural Systems
Functional Electrical Stimulation of biological tissue has a wide range of applications ranging from pain relief to neural prostheses. Flexibility, small size and low power operation, safety are key requirements in microstimulation systems. Custom integrated circuits for microstimulation face the challenge of having to support relatively high stimulation voltages for the current CMOS technology, while still needing maintain low power operation and achieve a high degree of miniaturization. In addition, the experimental nature of the evolving microstimulation applications demands a high degree of flexibility and versatility. We are working on several microstimulation applications through our collaborators that have a varying degree of requirements.

Non-Invasive Functional Magnetic Stimulation
Neural stimulation is commonly accomplished by a voltage or current pulse through a microelectrode. Ideally, a method would exist which inherently had zero net charge transfer, required only simple driver circuitry and was completely isolated from the tissue to reduce circuit failure due to corrosion and fouling by protein deposition. Magnetic stimulation achieves these goals. The presence of scar tissue or deposited proteins is irrelevant because the magnetic permeability of tissue is near that of free space. Excitation arises from the magnetic field which generates a current across the membrane of the cell which changes the resting potential of the neuron and triggers an action potential (the fundamental signal generation mechanism neurons employ). We are currently studying the fundamental mechanisms of magnetic stimulation, developing models and verifying through in vitro experiments.

Neural Signal Processing and Telemetry
Recording from a large number of neurons produces vast quantities of data that is highly difficult to extract and interpret due to noise and aggregation of multiple neural signals in a single recording site. In addition to conventional techniques like spike sorting, component analysis, de-noising detection, we are focusing on the cellular and molecular levels to understand the fundamentals of neural signals and behavior of large group of neurons. We found that the traditional deterministic channel models are insufficient for the description of the activities of real neurons. We are currently developing the stochastic kinetic modeling of sodium channel and its validation with the measurement of gate current due to transmembrane protein movements in the order of several picoamps with the bandwidth of several hundred of MHz. Wireless telemetry is essential for recording neural signals from the subject in its natural environment. We are currently developing wireless transceivers for short range telemetry for neural signals. Power and area are the key parameters for the transceivers to be implantable. We are investigating different architectures and the associated tradeoffs between computation and communication.